philosophical ethics (哲学的伦理学) - 国立台南大学.pptVIP

Chap. 2 倫理學的理論 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 課程大綱 Part I 基本概念 1 科學與倫理學 2 倫理學的理論 3 宗教的環境倫理觀 (儒家、道家、佛教、基督信仰) Part II 環境倫理學與應用倫理學 4 倫理學與經濟學： 5 可持續發展：對未來世代的責任 6對自然界的責任：植物和動物權利 Part III 環境倫理學的理 Chap. 2 Ethical Theory (倫理學的理論) 2.1 引言 2.2 為何需要倫理學理論? 2.3 倫理的相對論(relativism) 2.4 自然法則的傳統：目的論(teleology) and美德(virtues) 2.5 實利主義 (utilitarianism) 2.6 道義論 (deontology) : 責任與權利的倫理 2.7 宗教的環境倫理 2.8 總結 2.1 引言 Why preserve endangered species? Utilitarianism (實利主義), in terms of the consequences of our actions and advises us to act in ways that maximize overall social benefits (整個社會的利益). Deontological ethics (道義論倫理), in terms of rights and principles and tells us that we have certain fundamental duties(基本責任) that require us to act in certain ways and to refrain(節制) from acting in others. Natural law ethics (自然法則倫理), there are natural rights (自然權利) and a law of nature (自然法則) that direct ethical behavior. These natural laws are derived from God’s laws. Rights, fairness, justice, utility 倫理學的四個基本成分 Rights (權益) Fairness (公平性) Justice (正當性) Utility (效用) People who oppose(反對) environmental regulation often appeal to property rights (資產權利), fairness(公平), and social benefits(社會利益). Environmentalists(環境主義者) likewise appeal to the rights of nature(自然的權利), the values of wilderness(野地的價值), and the harms of pollution (污染的傷害). Beliefs, attitudes, or standards Ethics, derived from the Greek word thos, meaning “custom”(習俗). In this sense, ethics consists of the general beliefs(信念), attitudes(態度), or standards (準則) that guide customary behavior (習俗行為). Thus any society have its own ethics in the sense that it has typical beliefs(信念), attitudes(態度), and standards (標準) that determine what is customary. Whether consciously or not, the behavior of every individual is also guided by certain beliefs, attitudes, or standards. Philosophical ethics From the earliest days of Greek philosophy, philosophical ethics (哲學的倫理學) has not been satisfied simply to accept as right that which is customary. Ethics as