Aquaticbiomes水域生物相.PPT

(7) Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere (生態學及生物圈之介紹) Key Concepts(基本觀念) Overview: The Scope of Ecology (生態學的範疇) Overview: The Scope of Ecology Ecology(生態學) Is the scientific study of the interactions(互動) between organisms and the environment These interactions (互動) Determine both the distribution(分佈) of organisms and their abundance(豐度) Ecology (生態學) Is an enormously complex and exciting area of biology. Reveals the richness of the biosphere (生物圈的豐富度). Concept 50.1: Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the environment Ecology (生態學) Has a long history as a descriptive science(描述性科學) Is also a rigorous experimental science(實驗性科學) Is an integrative biology(整合性生物學). Organisms and the Environment (生物與環境) The environment of any organism includes Abiotic(非生物性), or nonliving components: temperature, sunlight, water and nutrient. Biotic (生物性), or living components: other organisms. All the organisms living in the environment, the biota (生物相) Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (演化生物學) Events that occur in ecological time Affect life on the scale of evolutionary time. Environmental components(環境成份、組成) Affect the distribution and abundance of organisms (影響生物的分佈與豐度). Ecologists(生態學家) Four Subfields of Ecology (生態學之四個次領域) Organismal ecology (個體生態學)---Studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment. Population ecology(族群生態學) Concentrates mainly on factors (因子) that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area. Community ecology (群聚生態學) Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community. Ecosystem ecology (生態系生態學) Emphasizes energy flow (能量流) and chemical cycling (化學循環) among the various biotic and abiotic components (非生物與生物組成). Landscape ecology(景觀生態學) Deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region(地理位置). The biosphere (生物圈) -Is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems. -The Ear