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A Working Paper by American Solar Challenge(一个由美国太阳能工作报告的挑战)
Designing Stable Three Wheeled Vehicles,
With Application to Solar Powered Racing Cars
November 8, 2006 Revision
A Working Paper by:
Prof. Patrick J. Starr
Advisor to
University of Minnesota Solar Vehicle Project
1992-2006
Mechanical Engineering Department
111 Church Street S.E.
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN 55455
(612) 625-2315
starr001@umn.edu
I. PREFACE TO 2006 REVISION
The original version of this working paper was written following Sunrayce ’95 as
a tutorial on the design of 3 wheeled vehicles and was sent to race organizers. It was
revised in 1996 and again sent to race organizers in 1997 to inform the discussion of 3
wheeled and 4 wheeled vehicles. The current version is a further revision which includes
a discussion of a stability indicator called the Understeer Gradient which can be
measured in road testing of a completed vehicle. Reference to Sunrayce ’95 is still
included and the purpose is the same: to introduce some elementary concepts of vehicle
dynamics and apply them to the design of stable 3 wheeled vehicles.
II. INTRODUCTION
Many of the vehicles that participate in solar car racing have three wheels,
arranged with two in front and one at the rear. There were some incidents in Sunrayce
’95 involving such vehicles, but also many of the top finishing cars were three wheelers.
This suggests that there are probably some “do’s and don’ts” regarding the design of
these cars. This paper will discuss the dynamics of three wheeled vehicles, and show
how improved stability can be designed in.
A crucial vehicle property is the location of the vehicle center of gravity (CG). If
it is located properly, the vehicle will be “s
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