Basic Concepts in Nonlinear Dynamics and （非线性动力学的基本概念,并）.pdf

Basic Concepts in Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Out of confusion comes chaos. Out of chaos comes confusion and fear. Then comes lunch. A Workshop presented at the Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences meeting, July 31,1997 at Marquette University, Miwaukee, Wisconsin. © Keith Clayton Table of Contents Introduction to Dynamic Systems Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Bifurcation Diagram Sensitivity to Initial Conditions Symptoms of Chaos Two- and Three-dimensional Dynamic Systems Fractals and the Fractal Dimension Nonlinear Statistical Tools Glossary Introduction to Dynamic Systems What is a dynamic system? A dynamic system is a set of functions (rules, equations) that specify how variables change over time. First example ... Alices height diminishes by half every minute... Second example ... xnew = xold + yold ynew= xold The second example illustrates a system with two variables, x and y. Variable x is changed by taking its old value and adding the current value of y. And y is changed by becoming xs old value. Silly system? Perhaps. Were just showing that a dynamic system is any well-specified set of rules. Here are some important Distinctions: variables (dimensions) vs. parameters discrete vs. continuous variables stochastic vs. deterministic dynamic systems How they differ: Variables change in time, parameters do not. Discrete variables are restricted to integer values, continuous variable are not. Stochastic systems are one-to-many; deterministic