Boiler Calculations KTH（锅炉的计算 k）.pdf

Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection Publications Steam Boiler Technology eBook Espoo 2002 Boiler Calculations Sebastian Teir, Antto Kulla Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection Table of contents Steam/water diagrams used in boiler calculations 1 Temperature-heat (T-Q) diagram1 Temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram2 Pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram3 Enthalpy-entropy (Mollier, h-s) diagram 4 Determination of steam/water parameters 5 Given parameters 5 Pressure losses5 Procedure for determination of specific enthalpies and mass flow rates6 Superheaters and reheaters7 Spray water group mass flow7 Calculations of heat load8 Evaporator8 Superheater9 Reheater 9 Economizer 9 Air preheater 9 Determination of boiler efficiency10 Standards10 Major heat losses10 Heat loss with unburned combustible gases 10 Heat loss due to unburned solid fuel10 Heat loss due to wasted heat in flue gases 11 Heat loss due to wasted heat in ashes 11 Losses due to heat transfer (radiation) to the environment12 Losses of blowdown, sootblowing and atomizing steam12 Internal power consumption12 Calculating boiler efficiency12 Direct method13 Indirect method 13 References14 ii Steam/water diagrams used in boiler calculations Temperature-heat (T-Q) diagram The T-Q diagram is a useful tool for designing heat exchangers. It can also be used to present the heat transfer characteristics of an existing heat exchanger or heat exchanger network. The T-Q diagram consists of two axes: The current stream te