我国新石器时代聚落的形成与发展.pdfVIP

我国新石器时代聚落的形成与发展 任式楠 【作者简介】任式楠，北京市， 100710，中国社会科学院考古研究所。 【关 键 词】中国 / 新石器时代 / 聚落与社会 China/Neolithic Age/settlement and society The present paper discusses the formation and developmentof the Neolithic settlement in China and the evolution of itssocial organization. In the mid Neolithic, agriculturalsettlements on rather a large scale were gradually formed, andthe grouping of houses and tombs roughly embodied the largematrilineal family. During the early phase of the lateNeolithic, the structure of settlements presented unitaryplanning and regular layout, reflecting on the whole thecollectives spirit of solidarity and social equality; in thelate phase, social differentiation developed from initialappearance to increasing deepening, with rank — markingdifferences coming into being between settlements, houses andtombs.At the end of the Neolithic,i.e.in the Longshan period,differentiation between settlements sharpened further, whichled to the formation of stratified settlement groups with theinternal relationship as that between the principal and thesubordinate,and in the areas of developed archaeologicalcultures,society entered the initial stage of civilization. 人类的本质是社会性的， 以一定的生产力水平为基础， 形成社会组织， 过着 群居性的生活。在长达 200 万年左右的时间里， 我国远古人类普遍利用自然洞 穴而居。 到旧石器时代晚期， 发现了在旷野确由人工营造的住所， 这是史前社会 物质文化的一大进步， 标志着在狩猎采集经济条件下非定居性聚落的萌芽。 如哈 尔滨市阎家岗遗址（注：黑龙江省文管会等： 《阎家岗——旧石器时代晚期古 营地遗址》， 文物出版社， 1990 年。），发现相邻两处用二三百块动物骨骼有 序地垒叠和排列的椭圆形、 半圆形围圈遗迹， 兽骨多半有人工砸击痕迹，