differential extinction and the contrasting structure of polar marine faunas微分灭绝和极地海洋生物群的对比结构.pdfVIP

Differential Extinction and the Contrasting Structure of Polar Marine Faunas 1 1 2 3 Andrew Z. Krug *, David Jablonski , Kaustuv Roy , Alan G. Beu 1 Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 2 Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 3 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Abstract Background: The low taxonomic diversity of polar marine faunas today reflects both the failure of clades to colonize or diversify in high latitudes and regional extinctions of once-present clades. However, simple models of polar evolution are made difficult by the strikingly different faunal compositions and community structures of the two poles. Methodology/Principal Findings: A comparison of early Cenozoic Arctic and Antarctic bivalve faunas with modern ones, within the framework of a molecular phylogeny, shows that while Arctic losses were randomly distributed across the tree, Antarctic losses were significantly concentrated in more derived families, resulting in communities dominated by basal lineages. Potential mechanisms for the phylogenetic structure to Antarctic extinctions include continental isolation, changes in primary productivity leading to turnover of both predators and prey, and the effect of glaciation on shelf habitats. Conclusions/Significance: These results show that phylogenetic consequences of past extinctions can vary substantially among regions and thus shape regional faunal structures, even when due to similar drivers, here global cooling, and provide the first phylogenetic support for the ‘‘retrograde’’ hypothesis of Antarctic faunal evolution