Electron Diffraction and Crystal Structure（电子衍射和晶体结构）.pdf

University of Michigan Physics 441-442 2/9/06 Advanced Physics Laboratory Electron Diffraction and Crystal Structure 1. Introduction In classical mechanics we describe motion by assigning momenta to point particles. In quantum mechanics we learn that the motion of particles is also described by waves, with the crucial parameters of the two viewpoints related through the de Broglie relation: h = [1] p where p is the momentum, λ is the wavelength, and h is Planck’s constant 34 15 h = 6.626 10 J s = 4.136 10 e V s . To observe wave-like behavior, we require some kind of grating where the “distance between slits” is of order the wavelength. At typical laboratory energies, the electron’s de Broglie wavelength is of order one Angstrom (10–8 cm), about the same size as the interatomic spacings in common crystals. The regular atomic arrays in crystals are thus perfectly scaled gratings for creating a “matter wave” diffraction pattern, measuring their wavelength, and verifying Eq. 1. As an added bonus, with the principle verified, the diffraction patterns then become powerful tools for the study of crystal structure. In this experiment, you will use a cathode ray tube with a graphite crystal target that shows the diffraction pattern on the screen. You will verify the de Broglie relation, and analyze crystal structures, including measurement of the inter-atomic distance in the crystal. 2. Basic Principles a. The de Broglie Wavelength vs. Voltage In the c