GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND OPTICAL DESIGN （几何光学和光学设计）.PDF

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND OPTICAL DESIGN Pantazis Mouroulis Associate Professor Center for Imaging Science Rochester Institute of Technology John Macdonald Senior Lecturer Physics Department University of Reading New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1997 Contents Rays and the Foundations of Geometrical Optics 1.1. Waves, Wavefronts, and Rays 3 1.1.1. The Pinhole Camera 5 1.2. Propagation of Wavefronts, Reflection, Refraction 6 1.3. Fermat s Principle 10 1.4. Irradiance and the Inverse-Square Law 13 1.5. The Basic Postulates of Geometrical Optics 15 Review of Elementary Ray Optics 18 2.1. Plane Surfaces 18 2.1.1. Reflecting Surfaces 19 2.1.2. Refracting Surfaces 20 2.2. Curved Surfaces : Focusing 23 2.2.1. Focusing in the Paraxial Region 23 2.2.2. Graphical Ray Tracing for Thin Lenses 27 2.2.3. Graphical Ray Tracing for Mirrors 31 Imagery by a Single Surface and a Thin Lens 38 3.1. The Sign Convention 38 3.2. The Paraxial Approximation 39 x • CONTENTS 3.3. Imagery by a Single Surface 40 3.3.1. The Conjugate Equation 40 3.3.2. Power and Focal Lengths of a Surface 42 3.4. Mirrors 43 3.5. Imagery by a Thin Lens 44 3.5.1. Thin Lens Conjugate