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FORCES IN THE LOWER LIMBS DURING ERGOMETER ROWING Suzanne E. Halliday 1, Amy B. Zavatsky 1, and Kazunori Hase 2 1 Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan E-mail: amy.zavatsky@eng.ox.ac.uk Web: www.eng.ox.ac.uk/~kneabz/ INTRODUCTION The ergometer used in this study (Model C; Concept2, Inc., VT, USA) was instrumented Indoor ergometer rowing has long been used with a six component force transducer by competitive rowers as a training method, (MC36-6-250; AMTI, MA, USA) beneath but it has also been widely adopted by non- the right foot cradle. The rowing ergometer rowers as an exercise for general fitness. itself was used as a custom calibration Paraplegics can now reap the cardiovascular object, allowing the integration of the benefits of rowing by using a specially kinematic and kinetic data to an accuracy of adapted ergometer, along with functional 3.05 mm. The chain joining the ergometer electrical stimulation of the leg muscles handle to the flywheel was modified to (Davoodi et al. 2002; Wheeler et al. 2002). include a uniaxial force transducer (DDE– 2500; Applied Measurements Ltd., UK). To estimate the potential risk of injury to Kinetic data from both force transducers was ergometer rowers, particularly paraplegics, sampled at 1000 Hz, as was EMG data from it is important to know the mechanical loads ten muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, on the muscles, ligaments, and bones of the soleus, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, legs. This study uses mathematical model- se