TOOLS Routledge（工具劳特利奇）.pdf

TOMB SCULPTURE Lamia, Stephen, “Funeral/Burial,” in Encyclopedia of Compar- The introduction of copper, bronze, and, later, iron ative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art, edited sped the development of specialized tools for particular by Helene E. Roberts, Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dear- born, 1998 materials and processes. Metal tools could be given Moskowitz, Anita Fiderer, Nicola Pisano’s Arca de San Domen- any desired shape, allowing them to perform tasks that ico and Its Legacy, University Park: Pennsylvania State Uni- were impossible to do with stone ones. Metal was also versity Press, 1994 superior to stone because it was less prone to breaking, Panofsky, Erwin, Tomb Sculpture: Four Lectures on Its Chang- even if it was worked into a sharp edge or a point, ing Aspects from Ancient Egypt to Bernini, edited by H.W. especially when the techniques of hardening improved. Janson, New York: Abrams, and London: Thames and Hud- son, 1964 The new high-performance metal tools expanded the Toynbee, Jocelyn M., Death and Burial in the Roman World , possibilities of fabrication and even facilitated the de- London: Thames and Hudson, and Ithaca, New York: Cor- velopment of new art forms and styles. This phenome- nell University Press, 1971 non occurred wherever metal tools were introduced by Tummers, H.A., Early Secular Effigies in England: The Thir- trade or colonization. The introduction of metallurgy teenth Century, Leiden: Brill, 1980 Valdez del Alamo, Elizabeth, and Carol S. Pendergast, editors, also required the development of a whole set of new Memory and the M