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mimaxue（mimaxue） The development and recent progress of cryptography Cryptography is the core technology of information security. Nowadays, the secrecy, integrity, availability and non repudiation of information in computer networks need to be solved by cryptography. Cryptography is generally divided into two categories: symmetric cryptography (also known as private key cryptography and asymmetric cryptography (also known as public key cryptography). Public key cryptography takes the important role of key agreement, digital signature and message authentication in information security, and has become the core cipher. At present, the concept of security for public key cryptography has been greatly expanded. Like the famous RSA public key cryptography algorithm, Rabin public key cryptography algorithm and ElGamal public key cryptography algorithm have been widely used. However, some public key cryptography algorithms are theoretically secure, but they are not secure in specific practical applications. Because in practical applications, not only the algorithm itself is safe in mathematical proof, but also the algorithm is safe in practical applications. For example, public key encryption algorithm according to different applications, the need to consider the chosen plaintext security, non adaptive chosen ciphertext security and password security class adaptation. Digital signatures, as required, also consider resistance to non - messaging attacks and selected message attacks. Therefore, in recent years, provable security cryptography is an important part of public key cryptography, which is devoted to this aspect. Public key cryptography takes the important role of key agreement, digital signature and message authentication in information security, and has become the core cipher. At present, the key subject of cryptography is to study all kinds of provable security system according to the specific network environment and the improvement of computing efficiency. What is