3.局部血液循环障碍(09级检验本科,李玉林,7版)（3.. Local blood circulation disorder (grade 09 examination, undergraduate, Li Yulin, 7 edition)）.docVIP

3.局部血液循环障碍(09级检验本科,李玉林,7版)（3.. Local blood circulation disorder (grade 09 examination, undergraduate, Li Yulin, 7 edition)） Hyperemia: the amount of blood in the blood vessels of local tissues increases. Physiological hyperemia conditions: emotional agitation, skeletal muscle congestion after exercise, gastrointestinal congestion after eating, and uterine congestion during pregnancy Blood stasis: because of the obstruction of venous blood circulation, the blood is deposited in small veins and capillaries. It is called venous congestion, also called blood stasis. Blood stasis is usually pathological and is a passive process. Causes: venous compression, venous obstruction, and heart failure Late stage of hypertension: left heart failure and pulmonary congestion Pulmonary heart disease later stage - right heart failure - body circulation, blood stasis Lung blood stasis: Reason: left heart failure: lung volume increased, dark red, the section may have foam like red liquid outflow. Late brown induration of the lung. Heart failure cells appear in the alveolar space. Clinically, the dyspnea and cyanosis, cough phlegm; white foam, or pink frothy sputum. Heart failure cells: macrophages eat up red blood cells and break down, forming the cytoplasm of iron containing riboflavin Liver congestion: Reason: right heart failure. Areca liver. Microscopically, the central vein of the hepatic lobule and its hepatic sinusoid near the liver were dilated and the blood cells were atrophic and necrotic. The liver cells around the hepatic lobule were steatosis. Hemorrhage: Blood escapes from the blood vessel or heart. It is called bleeding. Etiology and pathogenesis Physiologic bleeding: endometrial bleeding during normal menstruation; Pathological bleeding: Two 、 pathological changes (I) internal bleeding Hyphema. Hematoma A small amount of bleeding can be seen only under a microscope. (two) external bleeding The petechiae The ecchymosis Purpura Nasal bleeding; Hemoptysis; The hematemesis;