phospholipids key players in apoptosis and immune regulation磷脂细胞凋亡和免疫调节的关键球员.pdfVIP

Molecules 2009, 14, 4892-4914; doi:10.3390/molecule OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 /journal/molecules Review Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation 1 1 1 2 Ricardo A. Chaurio , Christina Janko , Luis E. Muñoz , Benjamin Frey , Martin Herrmann 1,# and Udo S. Gaipl 2,#,* 1 Department for Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany # These two authors contributed equally as senior authors. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: udo.gaipl@uk-erlangen.de; Tel.: +49 9131 85 32311; Fax: +49 9131 85 39335. Received: 6 November 2009; in revised form: 24 November 2009 / Accepted: 27 November 2009 / Published: 30 November 2009 Abstract: Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by