rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches a prospective cohort study快速测量的休闲水质指标和swimming-associated疾病在海洋海滩前瞻性队列研究.pdfVIP

Wade et al. Environmental Health 2010, 9:66 /content/9/1/66 RESEARCH Open Access Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study 1* 1 2 2 2 3 Timothy J Wade , Elizabeth Sams , Kristen P Brenner , Richard Haugland , Eunice Chern , Michael Beach , Larry Wymer2 2 4 1 5 2 , Clifford C Rankin , David Love , Quanlin Li , Rachel Noble , Alfred P Dufour Abstract Introduction: In the United States and elsewhere, recreational water quality is monitored for fecal indicator bacteria to help prevent swimming-associated illnesses. Standard methods to measure these bacteria take at least 24 hours to obtain results. Molecular approaches such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can estimate these bacteria faster, in under 3 hours. Previously, we demonstrated that measurements of the fecal indicator bacteria Enterococcus using qPCR were associated with gastrointestinal (GI) illness among swimmers at freshwater beaches. In this paper, we report on results from three marine beach sites. Methods: We interviewed beach-goers and collected water samples at marine beaches affected by treated sewage discharges in Mississippi in 2005, and Rhode Island and Alabama in 2007. Ten to twelve days later, we obtained information about gastrointestinal, respiratory, eye, ear and skin symptoms by telephone. We tested water samples for fecal indicator organisms using qPCR and other methods. Results: We enrolled 6,350 beach-goers. The occurrence of GI illness among swimmers was associated with a log10-increase in exposu