risks of using antifouling biocides in aquaculture在水产养殖中使用防污农药的风险.pdfVIP

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 1541-1560; doi:10.3390/ijm OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 /journal/ijms Review Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture Francisco Antonio Guardiola, Alberto Cuesta, José Meseguer and Maria Angeles Esteban * Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mails: faga1@um.es (F.A.G.); alcuesta@um.es (A.C.); meseguer@um.es (J.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: aesteban@um.es; Tel.: +34-868887665; Fax: +34-868883963. Received: 12 December 2011; in revised form: 11 January 2012 / Accepted: 19 January 2012 / Published: 2 February 2012 Abstract: Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin