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Rise and Fall of HI Ue-Li Pen 彭威礼 Search for Cosmic Hydrogen About half of horizon volume filled with HI, dominated by z6 hi-z: lots out there, structures with up to 1016 M? HI. Difficult to observe window, foregrounds. Mid-z: neutral HI in galaxies, 0.1z2. Billions of galaxies, HI mass function evolution poorly known. Intrinsically faint (μJy), requires large collecting area (105 m2). GMRT/SKA. Traditional Radio Telescope Cost Drivers High Frequency: cryogenic receivers, surface, pointing accuracy Correlation/bandwidth: N2 cost General purpose – steerable, reconfigurable HSHS target: $10/m2, 1.4 GHz, transit Molonglo actual: $12/m2, steerable cyl GMRT actual: $100/m2, 1.4 GHz SKA target: $1000/m2 VLA actual: $10000/m2 HSHS: Large Area, Low Cost Surface: low frequency mesh (GMRT) Structure: passive transit cylinder Correlations: FFT is N log N instead of N2 Signal processing: PC’s are $3/Gflop Astro-ph/0606104 Existing operational cylinders Cylinder History Popular 1960-1980 Lost favor with advent of cryogenically cooled pre-amplifiers. Room temp amplifiers with 20K noise temp now available. Local HI Luminosity Function Cosmic Magnification Cosmic shear has evolved as a direct way to map dark matter Several major surveys under way or planned – CFHTLS, LSST, SNAP Anticipated limitations: redshift distribution, PSF With redshifts, these limits can be overcome, and magnification is measured directly Measured through cross correlation in SDSS (Scranton et al 2005) Forecasts and models by Zhang and Pen (2005, 2006): overcomes intrinsic clustering. Gravitational Lensing: increase flux, decrease density Four Cylinders each 2 km long, 50m wide Line feeds at foci used to create 4000 beams CMU Prototype cylinders under construction. Funded by Seljak/Packard Sept 17 status Line Feed Additional Science Find and monitor 1000s of new pulsars--strongly constrain the gravity wave background Map galactic magnetic fields Study Early Ionization at z 13 Pros and Cons of 21-cm C