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symmetry, invariance and ontology in physics and statistics对称、不变性和本体在物理和统计数据.pdf

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symmetry, invariance and ontology in physics and statistics对称、不变性和本体在物理和统计数据

Symmetry 2011, 3, 611-635; doi:10.3390/sym3030611 OPEN ACCESS symmetry ISSN 2073-8994 /journal/symmetry Article Symmetry, Invariance and Ontology in Physics and Statistics Julio Michael Stern ˜ Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, ˜ ´ ˜ Rua do Matao 1010, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; E-Mail: jstern@ime.usp.br; Fax: +55-11 Received: 23 February 2011; in revised form: 25 August 2011 / Accepted: 26 August 2011 / Published: 1 September 2011 Abstract: This paper has three main objectives: (a) Discuss the formal analogy between some important symmetry-invariance arguments used in physics, probability and statistics. Speciﬁcally, we will focus on Noether’s theorem in physics, the maximum entropy principle in probability theory, and de Finetti-type theorems in Bayesian statistics; (b) Discuss the epistemological and ontological implications of these theorems, as they are interpreted in physics and statistics. Speciﬁcally, we will focus on the positivist (in physics) or subjective (in statistics) interpretations vs. objective interpretations that are suggested by symmetry and invariance arguments; (c) Introduce the cognitive constructivism epistemological framework as a solution that overcomes the realism-subjectivism dilemma and its pitfalls. The work of the physicist and philosopher