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the health effect of psychostimulants a literature review精神兴奋药对健康的影响文献综述
Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 2333-2361; doi:10.3390/ph3072333
OPEN ACCESS
pharmaceuticals
ISSN 1424-8247
/journal/pharmaceuticals
Review
The Health Effect of Psychostimulants: A Literature Review
Thierry Favrod-Coune * and Barbara Broers
Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals 4, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil,1211
Geneva 14, Switzerland; E-Mail: barbara.broers@hcuge.ch (B.B.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: thierry.favrod-coune@hcuge.ch
(T.F.C.); Tel.: +41-22-372-9537; Fax: +41-22-372-9512.
Received: 2 June 2010 / Accepted: 21 July 2010 / Published: 22 July 2010
Abstract: Prevalence of psychostimulant use is high, and raising in several countries.
Nicotine is the legal stimulant causing the most important public health impact. Cocaine
ranks among the most used illicit substances after cannabis. Stimulant medications are
frequently misused. Psychostimulants can lead to addiction, have physical, psychological
and social health consequences and can induce a great disease burden. The aim of the
present article is to provide a literature review on the health effects of stimulants as
potential drugs of abuse. It will cover essentially cocaine, amphetamines and its derivatives
(including methamphetamines and 3-4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy),
nicotine, caffeine and khat, and touch upon the issues of prescribed substances (anti-
depr
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