资本与技术（Capital and technology）.doc

资本与技术（Capital and technology） The fourth chapter, capital and technology (a) [Meinakesi] on the vicious spiral of poverty Vicious Circle of Poverty The long-term poverty in developing countries is not due to a shortage of domestic resources, but a cycle of multiple forces that make poor countries poor. Among them, the most important is the low-level capital accumulation of the cycle set, the lack of capital in developing countries, lack of capital formation. The reason for developing a vicious spiral of poverty in developing countries is that per capita income is low and the per capita income is low because of the scarcity of capital, and the root of the scarcity of capital is the low per capita income. Double vicious cycle and its breakthrough: Nakas cycle proposition: a country is poor. Break the vicious spiral, must take the balance of growth, increase savings, increase investment in many industries and large-scale investment, the formation of mutual needs between the industry, the expansion of market capacity, in order to ensure the success of the investment. Two vicious cycles: Capital supply: low income - low savings - low capital formation - low production scale - low income. Capital demand: low income - low purchasing power - insufficient investment - low capital formation - low income. (two) Nelson trap (low level equilibrium trap) OA is the lowest income level for subsistence. In A, any point between B, the population growth rate is greater than the rate of growth of national income, income growth is offset by the high population growth, per capita income back to the subsistence level, and fixed, the formation of low level trap. When the per capita income exceeds OB, the growth of national income exceeds the growth of the population, and the per capita income will increase correspondingly. If we want to jump out of the low level trap and reach the per capita income above OB, we must increase the per capita income substantially. Get rid of the low-level equ