专业英语6-new.ppt

Hailstones 冰雹 Paragraph 14 Hail usually is produced by large, long-lasting thunderstorm classified as multicell or supercell thunderstorms. The thunderstorm often are arranged in lines or bands that are call squall lines and occur most often in the spring and early summer months. These are the periods when atmospheric conditions are most favorable for the development of violent thunderstorms. According to a highly regarded hailstorm model, first offered by two English scientists, hailstones began to form in the water-rich, rising air that enters the cloud along its leading edge. As they grow by colliding with supercooled drops, the hailstones fall at increasing speeds through the air and intercept increasing quantities of supercooled water. If the updraft speed exceeds the terminal velocity of the hailstones, they are carried upward. Paragraph 15-1 Paragraph 15-2 The upper-level winds move them forward across the upper part of the storm to a region of weaker updrafts. If the updrafts are not strong enough to hold up the hailstones, they fall toward the ground. After descending several kilometers, some of the stones fall into the strong updraft core and are carried upward again for a second passage through the supercooled cloud. A series of such trips can lead to large hailstones. As ice particle starting with a diameter of 1 mm can grow to 3 cm after exposure to the high liquid water contents in a strong updraft. In thunderstorms with strong, persistent updrafts, large hailstones can be grown without the recycling process. Paragraph 15-3 Tornadoes 龙卷 Thunderstorms producing large hail are also likely to produce tornadoes. Contrary to the opinions of many people, tornadoes are not particularly energetic. An average tornado contains much less energy than the thunderstorm that produces it, and is appreciably less energetic cyclone. But since the energy of a tornado is expended in a short period of time, its power-energy divided by time is relatively high.