第1章 神经生物学绪论.ppt

睡眠对我们的影响：[1] Nevertheless, converging evidence, from the molecular to the phenomenological, leaves little doubt that offline memory reprocessing during sleep is an important component of how our memories are formed and ultimately shaped (Robert Stickgold: Review Article--Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature 437, 1272-1278, 2005). [2] Here we show the effects of night-sleep on song development in the zebra finch by recording and analysing the entire song ontogeny. During periods of rapid learning we observed a pronounced deterioration in song structure after night-sleep. The song regained structure after intense morning singing. The effect diminished with age. Our experiments showed that these oscillations were not a result of sleep inertia or lack of practice, indicating the possible involvement of an active process, perhaps neural song-replay during sleep. We suggest that these oscillations correspond to competing demands of plasticity and consolidation during learning, creating repeated opportunities to reshape previously learned motor skills. (Sébastien Derégnaucourt, Partha P. Mitra, Olga Fehér, Carolyn Pytte Ofer Tchernichovski: How sleep affects the developmental learning of bird song. Nature 433, 710-716, 2005). [3] Song learning and sleep (Nature Neuroscience News and Views (01 May 2005)); [4] Sleep and sensorimotor integration during early vocal learning in a songbird (Nature Letters to Editor (05 Mar 2009)) 有关男女在智力方面某些争议,其原因究竟是什么? 在一些发达国家做了相关的调查，发现…….？ 真正的答案需要神经科学研究来回答？ （六）遗传和环境对脑功能的影响研究 越来越多的实验证据表明，脑的功能乃至机体的行为有相当一部分是由遗传决定的。但是，这并不意味着这些基因（单基因或多基因）决定的行为是一成不变的，这就象脑的基本结构虽然主要由遗传决定，但后天的影响同样不能忽视一样。 对人脑的高级功能而言，确定遗传的作用和后天环境的影响将成为神经科学中的一个重要问题。 （七）应用与开发方面的研究 有人说：21世纪神经科学的最大挑战是如何认识脑的信息加工能力。新概念电脑是对人脑功能的综合模仿，是人脑工作原理在电脑制造中的运用和物化。20世纪90年代以来日本电脑开发的特点是既重视运算速度，更关注电脑的“人性”。 I. 新概念电脑的开发 近年来通过建立简化的模型正逐步把细胞和分子水平的知识与行为水平分析相联系, 为计算机和人工智能研究提供新的设计思想。 以日本的新概念电脑开发为例, 世界电脑业开发思路正沿着两个方向发展: 一是继续向“快而愚蠢”的方向发展，以每秒几万亿、乃至千万亿次的运算速度提高； 二是朝着“慢而聪明”的方向延伸，使电脑具有人脑的感情和智慧，这就是我们所说的“新概念