武汉大学公共卫生学院.ppt

* The essentials of epidemiology noted by Hippocrates included observations on how diseases affected populations and how disease spread. He further addressed issues of diseases in relation to time and seasons, place, environmental conditions, and disease control, especially as it related to water and seasons. The broader contribution to epidemiology made by Hippocrates was that of epidemiological observation. His teachings about how to observe any and all contributing or causal factors to a disease are still sound epidemiological concepts. 《论气、水和地区》 《论瘟疫》，共7册，其中第一和第三册无疑是希伯克拉底的手笔 * 意大利 * 英国 * Political arithmetic: this involved the co-ordination of political, economic, social and health surveys to inform public choices and collective action. * Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787-1872) has been the direct or indirect mentor of influential U.S. and English scientists in public health, epidemiology, medicine, and biostatistics during the 19th and 20th century. Louis was primarily a clinician, but his name has been more closely associated with the history of epidemiology. There is an imbalance between the fame of Louiss scientific contribution and the scarcity of in depth analyses of his work. The controversy related to the usage of bloodletting for treating inflammatory diseases is one of the most famous episodes of Louiss work. A modern analysis of Louiss data confirms his original conclusions; that is, early bloodletting seems to reduce the duration of a pneumonitis disease in patients who survive from this disease but may also increase the overall short-term mortality. Some basic algebraic mistakes in computations of means tend to attenuate the verdict against bloodletting, but these are trivial relative to the rigor of the overall demonstration and to Louiss methodological contribution to clinical observation. Louis firmly belongs to the history of epidemiology. He deserves a similar place in the history of medicine. * 匈牙利人。In 1847 Dr. Ignaz Semmelweiss close fr