新编简明英语语言学教程第9章language_and_culture.pptVIP

9.5.4 Privacy and taboos 语言禁忌的特征 含蓄性 普适性 民族性 时代性 地域性 传承性 9.5.4 Privacy and taboos 西方人认为fat是一种病态，因此“肥胖”也属忌讳之列。 在西方，人们很少谈年龄这一敏感的问题。 各种疾病, 特别是那些不便直接谈论、常引起心理负担的疾病、绝症和不便启齿的性病, 以及与排泄有关的疾病都属于禁忌语。 “死”往往与不吉祥，不幸的事物相联系 宗教信仰不同引起的数字禁忌 姓名称谓禁忌 猥亵性词语禁忌 咒骂语与禁忌 个人隐私与话题禁忌 9.5.5 Rounding off numbers 4 ounces = ? pound 4 quarter = 1 gallon 岁不等于the number of years during all or part of which one has been alive 在中国，初生的孩子就已经是一岁了 在西方国家，newly-born baby is part of one year old. 9.5.6 Words and cultural-specific connotation A term in one language that does not have a countpart in another language. 功夫 饺子 Words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface, but which actually refer to quite different things. 龙 vs dragon Things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by more terms in another language, that is, finer distinctions exist in another language. Account 账户，理由 Terms that have more or less the same primary meaning, but which have considerably different secondary or additional meaning. Stem result Denotation: dictionary definition Connotation (Cultural connotation): “the implication of a word, apart from its primary meaning” (Longman Modern English Dictionary) “the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes” (Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary) eg. 松，竹，梅 vs. pine, bamboo, plum Words and cultural-specific connotations Culturally-loaded words Words are found to have the heaviest culture load in a language. ---Dan Yanchang “…communication with a native of another language demands sharing meanings that go beyond listless dictionary definitions.” --- Seelye 文化词汇学(ethno semantics): 通过研究一种语言的词汇去了解生活在该语言文化中的人看待周围事物的方式。 词汇关系 类型 词 义 对跨文化 交际的影响 理解水平 字面意义 引伸意义 重合词汇 相同 相同 完全理解 高 低 平行词汇 不同 相同 迷惑或误解 全空缺词汇 空缺 空缺 不理解而询问 半空缺词汇 相同 空缺 迷惑或误解 冲突词汇 相同 不同/相反 误解 Culturally-loaded words (P137) Overlapping words（相同 相同） head: most impo