InstrumentsofTradePolicy国际贸易政策.PPT

* * * * * * * * * * * * The Political Economy of International Trade 1. Instruments of Trade Policy 国际贸易政策: (2) Non-tariff Barriers Voluntary Export Restraint 自愿出口限制 A quota on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country’s government. 出口国家或地区在进口国的要求或压力下，“自动”规定某一时期内（一般为五年），限制该国某些商品出口的数量或金额，在限定的配额内自行控制出口，超过配额即禁止出口。 The Political Economy of International Trade 1. Instruments of Trade Policy 国际贸易政策: (2) Non-tariff Barriers Voluntary Export Restraint 自愿出口限制 As with tariffs and subsidies, both import quotas and VERs benefit domestic producers by limiting import competition. As with all restrictions on trade, quotas do not benefit consumers. An import quota or VER always raises the domestic price of an imported good. The Political Economy of International Trade 1. Instruments of Trade Policy 国际贸易政策: (2) Non-tariff Barriers Local Content Requirement A requirement that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically. The requirement can be expressed either in physical terms or in value terms Widely used by developing countries to shift their manufacturing base from the simple assembly of products whose parts are manufactured elsewhere into the local manufacture of component parts. They have also been used in developed countries to try to protect local jobs and industry from foreign competition. The Political Economy of International Trade 1. Instruments of Trade Policy 国际贸易政策: (2) Non-tariff Barriers ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES Bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country. As with all instruments of trade policy, administrative instruments benefit producers and hurt consumers, who are denied access to possibly superior foreign products. The Political Economy of International Trade 1. Instruments of Trade Policy 国际贸易政策: (2) Non-tariff Barriers ANTIDUMPING POLICIES Dumping is variously defined as selling goods in a foreign market at below their costs of production or at be