免疫学教学课件-14-Phylogeny Immune Sibs.pptVIP

The Endotherms: Birds and Mammals Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) species: chickens, rabbits, sheep, cows, and pigs. A small number of V genes (only one in birds) is rearranged and then modified by gene conversion or somatic hypermutation. There are dedicated organs for B cell development in birds: the bursa. B cells are continually produced throughout life in the primates/rodents group, but only during early in development in the GALT species (bursa and appendix degenerate afterward). In all jawed species, T cell development is conserved: all rearrange the TCR gene families (α, β, γ, and δ). The GALT species have more g/d T cells. The Mammalian Type Adaptive Immune System Ig and TCR as antigen receptors RAG-mediated recombination and antigen receptor diversification Primary and secondary lymphoid organs MHC Somatic mutation Memory Cytokines Not in invertebrates or jawless fish. Might start in placoderms, but there is no way to verify…… In mammals, innate immunity is still critically important! Questions for Discussion Stand at the “species survival” point of view, rationalize why thymus involve? Why the discovery of Toll is so important? Why Rag genes are examined in lower chordates? If you are funded to examine the evolution of the immune system, which question will you study? 谢谢 * Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Critical for self-nonself discrimination, even exist in Amoeba Complement in Cnidaria Toll receptors are well described in Drosophila. Recognition of infecting micro-organisms Activation of intracellular signaling cascades, especially the NFkB pathway, which leads to the expression of a vast array of antimicrobial effector molecules that attack microorganisms at many different levels. Immunoglobulin Domain A human IgG molecule consists of a total of 12 immunoglobulin domains. Found in many other proteins that play key roles in the immune system. Consist of a pair of β sheets, each is built of antiparallel β strands. A singl