呼吸及相关肺炎-护士培训知识.ppt

* * * * * Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier Curves Showing Cumulative Survival of Patients Who Received Intensive Insulin Treatment or Conventional Treatment in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patients discharged alive from the ICU (Panel A) and from the hospital (Panel B) were considered to have survived. In both cases, the differences between the treatment groups were significant (survival in ICU, nominal P=0.005 and adjusted P intensive insulin therapy (maintenance of blood glucose at a level between 80 and 110 mg per deciliter) or conventional treatment (infusion of insulin only if the blood glucose level exceeded 215 mg per deciliter and maintenance of glucose at a level between 180 and 200 mg per deciliter). * Methods We enrolled 838 critically ill patients with euvolemia after initial treatment who had hemoglobin concentrations of less than 9.0 g per deciliter within 72 hours after admission to the intensive care unit and randomly assigned 418 patients to a restrictive strategy of transfusion, in which red cells were transfused if the hemoglobin concentration dropped below 7.0 g per deciliter and hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at 7.0 to 9.0 g per deciliter, and 420 patients to a liberal strategy, in which transfusions were given when the hemoglobin concentration fell below 10.0 g per deciliter and hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at 10.0 to 12.0 g per deciliter. * APACHE(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation)评分APACHEⅡ：APACHEⅡ评分系统是由急性生理学评分（APS）、年龄评分、慢性健康状况评分3部分组成，最后得分为三者之和。理论最高分71分，分值越高病情越重。其中APS将APACHE的34项参数中不常用或意义不大者如血浆渗透压、血乳酸浓度、BUN、GLu、ALb、CVP及尿量等删去，变为12项参数(均为入ICU后前24小时内最差者),每项分值仍为 0～4分，总分值 0～60分。年龄分值 0～6分,CPS2～5分。APACHE 的总分值为0～ 71分。与 APACHE 不同的是，APACHE 要求 12项 APS必须全部获得，以排除因将所缺数项视为正常所带来的误差。此外，APACHE 还提出了计算每一个患者死亡危险性 (R)的公式 :In(R/1-R) =-3.517+(APACHE 得分×0 .146 ) +0 .603 。 * * * Mean change (log) in ceftazidime mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence ( ) and absence ( ) of concomitant tobramyci