《语言学导论》期末复习及练习.docVIP

《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习 CHAPTER ONE I. Design features of language: productivity, duality, arbitrariness, and displacement II. Origin of language: The mysterious origin of the language or holy origin Bow-wow 自然模声说 Yo-he-ho 劳动号子说 Evolution 进化说 Conventionalism 约定俗成说 Innatism 先天论 After-birth acquisition后天习得说 Gestures 手势说 Embodiment 体验说 (Reality --- cognition --- language) III. Functions of language: informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function IV. Linguistics and its branches Six periods of linguistics Philology 传统语文学时期 (19世纪前) Historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学时期 (19世纪) Structural linguistics结构主义语言学时期 (20世纪初) Functional linguistics系统功能主义语言学时期 (20世纪中) Transferred generative linguistics转换生成语言学时期 (20世纪中) Cognitive linguistics认知语言学时期 (20世纪80年代) internal branches: inrea-disciplinary divisions (内部分支) 1）Phonetics （语音学）studies how speech sounds are pronounced, transmitted and perceived. 2）Phonology（音系学） is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. （研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列） 3）Morphology（形态学）is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 4）Syntax(句法学) is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. 5）Semantics（语义学）is the study of how meaning is encoded in a language, or it is the study of meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. 6）Pragmatics（语用学）is the study of meaning in context or in use. 3. external branches: inter-disciplinary divisions （外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支） 1）Psycholinguistics is the study of the interrelation of language and mind. 2）Sociolinguistics studies the characteristics of languages varieties, language functions and speakers as the three