大气的成分及其来源.ppt

大气的成分及其来源 Atmospheric Composition and Sources Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere (dry air)大气的化学成份（干洁空气） Water Vapor in the Air 空气中的水蒸气 The % volume of Water vapor is variable, depending on temperature, precipitation, rate of evaporation and other factors at a particular location. 水蒸气的百分含量是可变的，主要取决于温度，降水，蒸发率和其他特殊位置的因素。 The percentage of water vapor ranges from 0.1-5%. Generally it is 1-3% (the 3rd most abundant constituents in the air). 水蒸气的百分含量的范围是0.1-5%，一般是1-3% （空气中第三个最丰富的的构成物）。 Relative Humidity 相对湿度 Definition: ratio of the partial pressure of water to its saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature. 定义：在相同温度下，水的分压与到达它的饱和蒸汽压的比率 Expressing the Amount of Substances in the Atmosphere 空气物质量的表述 Concentration 浓度 the amount (mass, moles, molecules, etc) of a substance in a given volume divided by that volume. The example concentration units are mg/m3, mol/m3, molecules/cc, and etc. 一种物质在特定体积里所构成的量 (质量，摩尔，分子等等) 浓度单位的例子有mg/m3, mol/m3, molecules/cc等等。 Mixing ratio 混合比 the ratio of the amount of the substance in a given volume to the total amount of all constituents in that volume. 在特定体积里,一个物质量与所有构成物的体积比率。 Mixing Ratio 混合比率 ci is the molar concentration of i and ctotal is the total molar concentration of air. parts per million (ppm) 10-6 mmol mol-1 parts per billion (ppb) 10-9 nmol mol-1 parts per trillion (ppt) 10-12 pmol mol-1 Typical Mixing Ratios for Some Compounds of Environmental Importance一些环境重要性化合物的典型混合比 Conversion between ppm and mg/m3 ppm and mg/m3的转变 Conversion between ppm and mg/m3 ppm and mg/m3的转变 Example: The Hong Kong Air Quality Objective for ozone is 240 mg/m3. The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 120 ppb. Which standard is stricter at the same temperature (25oC) and the pressure (1atm)? 例子： 香港空气质量客观数据是240 mg/m3。美国国家四周空气质量标准是120 ppb。在相同的温度和压力下，哪一个标准更加严格。 Emission Sources排放源 Natural source: 自然源: Emissions from: 排放来自： Wild animal and bacterial activities, 野生动物和细菌活动 Ocean, lake, river and water