采矿的专业文献.docxVIP

CONTROLLED?BLASTING?TECHNIQUTESControlled?blasting?is?used?to?reduce?over-break?and?minimize?fracturing?of?the?rock?at?the?boundary?of?an?excavation.?The?four?basic?controlled?blasting?techniques?are:?line?drilling,?presetting,?cushion?blasting?and?smooth?blasting.?Line?drilling,?the?earliest?controlled?blasting?technique,?involves?drilling?a?row?of?closely?spaced?holes?along?the?final?excavation?line,?providing?a?plane?of?weakness?to-which?to?break.?Line?drill?holes,?2or?4?diameters?apart?and?contain?no?explosive.?The?s?adjacent?to?the?line?drill-holes?normally?are?loaded?lighter?and?are?on?closer?spacing?than?the?other?blast holes.?The?maximum?depth?for?line?drilling?is?about?30?ft?.Line?drilling?involves?no?blasting?in?the?final?row?of?holes,?and?thus?minimizes?damage?to?the?final?wall.Presetting,?sometimes?called?pres-hearing?,involves?a?single?row?of?boreholes?,usually?2?to?4?in?.in?diameter?,drilled?along?the?final?excavation?at?a?spacing?of?6?to?12?borehole?diameters?.Dynamite?cartridges?1to?1.5?in?.?in?size?on?1?to?2?ft?.centers?usually?are?string-loaded?on?detonating?cord?,although?special?small-diameter?cartridges?with?special?couple?are?available?for?total?column?loading?.In?unconsolidated?formations?,closer?spacings?with?lighter?powder?loads?are?required?.The?bottom?2?to?3?ft?.of?borehole?usually?is?loaded?somewhat?heavier?than?the?remainder?.Stemming?between?and?around?the?individual?charges?is?optional?.The?top?2?to?3?ft?.?of??borehole?is?not?loaded?,but?is?stemmed.?The?depth?that?can?bu?preliterate?is?limited?by?hole?alignment?,with?50?ft?.being?about?maximum?.The?preliterate?holes?are?fired?before?before?the?adjacent?primary?holes?to?provide?a?fracture?plane?to?which?the?primary?blast?can?break?.In?presetting?it?is?difficult?to?determine?the?results?until?the?adjacent?primary?blast?is?shot?.For?this?reason?,presetting?too?far?in?advance?is?not?recommended?.Presetting?seldom?is?done?underground.Cushion?blasting?involves?drilling?a?row?of?2?–?to?6-in?.