△空気线図三角.docx

Energy Efficient BuildingsCooling TowersIntroductionA cooling tower is a counter-flow or cross-flow heat exchanger that removes heat from water and transfers it to air. Cooling towers come in many configurations. An induced-draft cooling tower, which is common in HVAC and industrial applications, is shown in Figure 1a. As warm water from the process falls through the tower, some of it evaporates, which cools the remaining water. The cooled water collects at the bottom of the cooling tower and is returned to the plant where it is used for cooling. Figure 1b shows an evaporative condenser, which is common in industrial refrigeration applications. Water, which is cooled by evaporation, falls over a closed heat exchanger (usually carrying refrigerant) in the top part of the tower. It then falls over more fill to enhance evaporation in the lower part of the tower. A small pump circulates water from the bottom to the top of the tower.Figure 1a) open circuit cooling tower1b) closed circuit evaporative cooling towerThe temperature difference of water through a tower, dT = Tw1-Tw2, is determined by the load, Ql, and the mass flow rate of water, mw. Neither the size of the tower nor the state of the outside air influences the temperature difference; however, larger towers or lower outdoor air wet-bulb temperatures will decrease the exit water temperature, Tw2.Sensible and Latent CoolingDepending on the entering air and water temperatures, the water may be cooled by sensible and latent cooling of the air, or simply by latent cooling of the air. In either case, latent, i.e. evaporative, cooling is dominant. For example, consider the case in which the air enters at a lower temperature than the water (Figure 3a). The air will leave completely saturated and the cooling is part sensible and part latent. The sensible portion occurs as the air temperature increases by absorbing heat from the water. The latent portion occurs as some of the water evaporates, which draws e