数字图像处理课件lecture.ppt

b) Edge map by LOG a) Origin image * 3. The Canny Edge Detector The Canny edge detector is a very popular and effective operator (Gaussian smoothing + Sobel). The Canny operator first smoothes the intensity image, then produces extended contour segments by following high gradient magnitudes from one neighborhood to another. L. G. Shapiro, G. C. Stockman, Computer Vision, Prentice Hill, 2001 * Example An input image (a) is smoothed using Gaussian filters of size (b) ? =4, and (c) ? =1 before performing edge detection. More detail and more noise is shown for the smaller filter. (b) (c) (a) ? = 4 ? = 1 * Example: (a) Image of the great arch in St. Louis; (b) results of Canny operator with ? = 1; (c) results of Canny operator with ? = 4; (a) (b) (c) * Examples Image of Mao’s Memorial. Result of applying Canny operator with ? =1. Result of ? =2. Some objects are detected very well, so are some shadows. (a) (b) (c) Roberts Prewitt Sobel Laplacian LOG Canny BW=edge (I, ’type’) first order differential second order differential * Thresholding Used in image segmentation (classify pixels based on their gray levels) Fixed thresholding is to distinguish object(s) from background. Threshold fixed manually. Adaptive threshold calculates threshold level via histogram of the image. Ideally histogram should have two peaks. However single and multiple peak histograms are not uncommon. * Different Histograms Thresholding * * * * Original Image - Lena Lena Histogram Threshold at 50 Threshold at 165 Threshold at 80 * Basic global thresholding(Isodata) Select an initial estimate for T0 Segment the image using T0 Compute the average gray level values μ1 and μ2 for pixels in regions G1 and G2 Compute a new threshold value: Repear steps 2 throuh 4 until the difference in T in successive interations its smaller than a predefined parameter TQ Or Tn=Tn-1 * Histogram representing object on dark background Thresholding * * T=125 * Thresholding by Minimizing Criterion Function