城市规划英文版.doc

1-2 The Pre-Industrial Revolution Welcome to this first session.In todays session, well explore some of the ideas that dominated the design of settlements prior to the dawn of the Industrial Age.In the 19th century, when industrialization came to cities,everything changed.But before that there was a long continuity of ideas about how to design cities.Its totally foolish to imagine that we could explore several thousand years of history of cities in just one brief session.However, what we can do is to talk about the leading ideas, the things that dominated the design of settlements for that long period of time and help you recognize them in your communities. Many of you who live in cities that date back 100s of years, and the traces of earlier settlements can be seen by just by walking around in your city. But those of you who live in more recent cities, will also probably be surprised to see the number of ideas of contemporary cities that have their roots in what had happened in earlier cities.Humans may have been designing and planning settlements since the dawn of civilization.Many of the earliest settlements were created in informal ways.People simply gathered around the camp fire, built houses around it and and the settlements emerged from that kind of informal process.But beginning at least 3000 years ago people began deliberately designing settlements.As civilizations grew and became more stable and amassed resources, conscious ideas entered into the design of places. The first idea is the wall.Defense became essential, and for over2,000 years,the design of fortifications became a critical part of planning cities. Even after fortifications came down, and the moat was drained, the idea of creating limits to the city remained.The second idea is the grid.As land ownership was dispersed to families and people there was a need to subdivide property in some logical way and record it on maps.There was a need also to define public areas like streets and squares.A grid