4 Syntax练习.doc

Exercises to Chapter 4 Syntax I. General view of syntax 1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences. 2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate. 3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher’s , kiss him 宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格 4． Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other. 5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系 6. langue and parole Langue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Stability Parole: actual speech 7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image) 1. 所指 2 能指 之间的关系是任意的 8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations Syntagmatic: what precedes or follows 9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics 10. “Rheme” “Theme” 负载交际能力最小的是主位。负载交际能力最大的是述位。 11. IC analysis: to analyze the relation between sentence and its component elements. 12. endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心，离心 1．Which serves a centre or head. AP, NP,VP 2. no definable centre or head. PP,V+O ,be + A. 无中心 13. deep structure and surface structure 1. underlying level of structural relation 潜藏在人们意识中的结构 2. closed to people produced and received.声音文字直接感受到的 14. 1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with another word or phrase. We are taking about ____inside the sentence. A. Syntactic relations B. paradigmatic relations B C. Linear relations D. Government 2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ . Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics C 3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ? A. inferential Connective B. inflectional Component C. Immediate Constituent c D. Implicative Communication 4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence 揝he broke the window with a stone yesterday? where is the first c