链接版第三章逻辑、整数和证明.docVIP

CHAPTER 3 　LOGIC, INTEGERS, AND PROOFS Glossary predicates：谓词 one-place predicates：一元谓词 two-place predicates：二元谓词 n-place predicates：n元谓词 universal quantifier：全称量词 domain of discourse：个体域 existential quantifier：存在量词 universal instantiation：全称量词指定规则 universal generalization：全称量词推广规则 existential instantiation：存在量词指定规则 existential generalization：存在量词推广规则 prime：素数，质数 composite：合数 unique prime factorization：素因子唯一分解 congruent：同余的，全等的 remainder：余数 residue：剩余，余数 complete residue system：完全剩余系 primary residue system：本原剩余系 reduced residue system：约化剩余系 hash function：杂凑函数，检验函数 本章内容及教学要点： 3.1　 教学内容：，，，，generalization，existential instantiation，existential generalization 3.3　教学内容：factorization 3.4 Congruence Relations 教学内容定理证明及例题解答 3.1 Predicate Calculus 命题逻辑认为命题不可分，命题之间的关系通过命题的真假值反映出来这样虽然能进行简单的推理，但它的表达能力有限例如下列简单的论断就不能用命题逻辑进行推证： 所有的人都是要死的苏格拉底是人所以苏格拉底是要死的这是因为命题逻辑不能从本质上反映出命题内部的逻辑结构. 而谓词逻辑的描述能力就比命题逻辑强，它对命题的内部逻辑结构作进一步的分析，将一个命题分成个体和谓词部分. 从而谓词逻辑可以看作是命题逻辑的深化，它经常用来表示知识和规则等. 谓词逻辑研究的是体现在原子命题的内部结构间的逻辑关系. 谓词逻辑研究的基本内容：原子命题的个体词、谓词和量词，研究它们的形式结构和逻辑关系、正确的推理形式和规则. 谓词(Predicate)可以描述若干个体所具有的性质或个体之间的关系，或关于个体的抽象概念. A predicate P(x) is also called a propositional function, because each possible choice of values of the variable x produces a proposition P(x) that is either true or false. A predicate that has one variable is called a one-place predicate(一元谓词predicate that has two variables is called a two-place predicate(二元谓词. A predicate that has n variables is called a n-place predicate(n元谓词. Predicates become propositions when their variables are specified. There are two ways to specify the variables in a predicates. The first way is to give a value to each variable appearing in the predicate. The other way is to associate variable appearing in the predicate with some quantifier. Some predicates are true for every possible choice of values of the variables that are chosen from a given set. Others may be true for at least one choice of values of the variables that are chosen from a given set. How ca