线粒体-作业-2012.docVIP

作业内容： 1、请翻译并思考短文：（必答） 2、通过了解尼安德特人与人类起源进化的研究重大进展，思考线粒体基因组检测的意义和可能的不足 3、请阅读附加材料，思考“线粒体——世界幕后的统治者”的深邃内涵（二、三题可选一） 4、附加参考文献，供有兴趣的同学阅读 Energy Revolution Key to Complex Life: Depends on Mitochondria, Cells Tiny Power Stations Nature: 线粒体是复杂生命进化的关键 ScienceDaily (Oct. 21, 2010) — The evolution of complex life is strictly dependent on mitochondria, the tiny power stations found in all complex cells, according to a new study by Dr Nick Lane, from UCL (University College London), and Dr William Martin, from the University of Dusseldorf. The underlying principles are universal. Energy is vital, even in the realm of evolutionary inventions, said Dr Lane, UCL Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment. Even aliens will need mitochondria. For 70 years scientists have reasoned that evolution of nucleus was the key to complex life. Now, in work published in Nature, Lane and Martin reveal that in fact mitochondria were fundamental to the development of complex innovations like the nucleus because of their function as power stations in the cell. This overturns the traditional view that the jump to complex eukaryotic cells simply required the right kinds of mutations. It actually required a kind of industrial revolution in terms of energy production, explained Dr Lane. At the level of our cells, humans have far more in common with mushrooms, magnolias and marigolds than we do with bacteria. The reason is that complex cells like those of plants, animals and fungi have specialized compartments including an information centre, the nucleus, and power stations -- mitochondria. These compartmentalised cells are called eukaryotic, and they all share a common ancestor that arose just once in four billion years of evolution. Scientists now know that this common ancestor, the first eukaryote, was a lot more sophisticated than any known bacterium. It had thousands more genes and proteins than any bacterium, despite sharing other features, like the genetic code. But what enabled eukaryotes