Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Third …：材料科学与工程专业第三….ppt

Cobalt Based Alloys Wide range, easily formable. Ideal for joint replacement and fracture fixation. High corrosion resistance (Chromium), fatigue resistance and ductile. Difficult to form/machine, usually cast (lost wax technique). Large grain size-less fatigue life. Wear causes metallic toxicity Co-Cr alloys have good wear resistance * Titanium Alloys Easily formed, outstanding corrosion resistance Forms TiO2 layer, very robust. Low elastic modulus, highly biocompatible Pure Ti is used in low strength applications Alpha-beta alloys of Ti like Ti-6Al-4V (F1472) are strengthened by solution heat treatment. Poor wear resistance and notch sensitivity but Ion implantation improves wear resistance * Issues in Orthopaedic Applications High yield strength, fatigue strength and hardness of implants is desired. Implant should support healing bone Low elastic modulus is desired Implant and bone should carry proportionate amount of load Implant should not shield the bone from load Stress shielding stops remodeling of bone and weakens it. Elastic modulus of bone is only 17 GPa while most alloys have elastic modulus greater than 100 GPa. * Biopolymers Polymers are used in biomedical applications Cardiovascular, Ophthalmic and Orthopaedic implants Dental implants, dental cements and denture bases Low density, easily formed and can be made biocompatible. Recent development – biodegradable polymers. Examples: Polyethylene (PET) polyurethane, polycarbonate polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) * Cardiovascular Applications Heart valves can be stenotic or incompetent Polymers are used to make artificial heart valves Leaflets are made from biometals Sewing ring made from PTFE or PET Connected to heart tissue Blood clogging is side effect PTFE is used as vascular graft to bypass clogged arteries. Blood oxygenators : Hydrophobic polymer membranes used to oxygen