Hydrodynamics Ocean turbulence英文电子书.pdf

1 OCEAN TURBULENCE W.D. Smyth J.N. Moum College of Oceanic Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97330 This is an extended version of 3D Turbulence, an article written for Academic Press Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences Last revised September, 2000 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE MECHANICS OF TURBULENCE 3 3. STATIONARY, HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE 4 3.1 VELOCITY FIELDS 4 3.2 PASSIVE SCALARS AND MIXING 7 4. TURBULENCE IN GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS 8 4.1 SHEAR EFFECTS 8 4.2 BUOYANCY EFFECTS 9 4.3 BOUNDARY EFFECTS 11 5. LENGTH SCALES OF OCEAN TURBULENCE 12 6. MODELING OCEAN TURBULENCE 13 1. INTRODUCTION This article describes fluid turbulence with application to the Earths oceans. We begin with the simple, classical picture of stationary, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. We then discuss departures from this idealized state that occur in small-scale geophysical flows. The article closes with a tour of some of the many physical regimes in which ocean turbulence has been observed, and a brief discussion of numerical modeling. Turbulent flow has been a source of fascination for centuries. The term turbulence appears to have been used first in reference to fluid flows by da Vinci, who studied the phenomenon extensively. Today, turbulence is frequently characterized as the last great unsolved problem of classical physics. It plays a 2 central role in both engine