中南大学 生物化学 考研课件 ch15 酶的特性和调控 enzyme specificity and regulation06.pptVIP

Biochemistry For Speciality of Biotechnology or Bioengineering at CSU Mr. XIA Jinlan Contents Enzyme specificity (self-study) 酶的特异性(自学) The “lock and key” hypothesis 锁钥假设 The “induced fit” hypothesis 诱导契合假设 Control of enzyme action Control of enzyme amount 酶量的控制 Control of enzyme activity 酶活性的控制 Enzyme specificity Specificity is the result of molecular recognition The “lock and key” hypothesis The “induced fit” hypothesis There are two models of binding of a substrate to an enzyme Lock-and-key model 锁和钥匙模型 Founder: Emil Fisher, 1894 Principle Shape of the substrate and the active site of the enzyme are rigid and fixed, they fit together like a key into its lock Induced-fit model 诱导-契合模型 Founder: Daniel E., Koshland Jr., 1958 Principle Binding of substrate induces a conformational change in the active site of enzyme. Enzyme may distort the substrate, forcing it into a conformation similar to that of the transition state. Substrate is highly specific to its enzyme The specificity between enzyme and its substrate depends on the properties and spatial arrangement of the amino acid residues forming the active site of an enzyme Typical example Serine proteases Trypsin胰蛋白酶: cleaves C-terminal side of basic amino acid residues (Arg, Lys) Chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶: cleaves C-terminal side of aromatic amino acid residues (Phe, Trp, Tyr) Elastase弹性蛋白酶(胰肽酶E)：cleaves C-terminal side of small uncharged amino acid residues (Gly, Ala) Control of enzyme action Control of enzyme amount Mainly by controlling gene transcription Control slowly Control of enzyme activity By controlling post-translation, i.e., enzyme (structural) modification Control fast Control of enzyme activity (酶活性控制) Feedback regulation 反馈调控 Reversible noncompetitive inhibition可逆非竞争抑制 Feedback regulation is usually accompanied by Allosteric action 反馈调控通常伴随着变构作用 Reversible covalent modification 可逆共价修饰 The most common: Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation 最典型:磷酸化和去磷酸化 Irreversible modification of proenzyme