洪泽湖水环境现状评价及水污染分析.docx

洪泽湖水环境现状评价及水污染分析郝达平洪泽湖水环境概况洪泽湖位于江苏省西北部淮安、宿迁两市境内,汇水面积15.8万km2,正常蓄水位12.5m时水面2069km2,平均水深1.5m,最大水深5.5m,蓄水31亿m3,最大蓄水量为130亿m3。是我国五大淡水湖中第四大淡水湖。随着工农业生产的发展、人口的增加,洪泽湖区域环境已受到不同程度的污染和危害,特别是营养盐的输入大于输出,已达富营养化程度,如不加强防治,将直接影响到它的开发利用。均值进行加权平均,以此值来代表洪泽湖水质进行评价。因此需要建立隶属函数,一般通过取线性函数来确定各类水的隶属函数。对洪泽湖所选16个评价因素建立各因素对5个级别水的隶属函数,求出各因素对5个级别水的隶属度,得模糊关系矩阵(评判矩阵)为:1评价项目及评价方法根据洪泽湖污染特点,确定评价项目为溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(IMn)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮(NH3-N)、氰化物(CN)、砷(As)、挥发酚(FN)、六价铬(Cr6+)、总汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、氟化物(F)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)。考虑到水质分级界限具有模糊性,应用能够客观反映湖泊水体环境质量状况的模糊数学法进行评价。2.2!1000.9500.7400000000000.80000.100100000000000.8000000.6000000000000.60000000000000000$000%10000.260%0%0%0%0全年=100%100%10010%0%0评价过程评价因素集合和评价等级集合洪泽湖水环境现状评价洪泽湖年进出水量很大,湖水年101000.200000000000000000.200000000000000000.4000%0#00%100交换率达11次左右(丰水年更多),对2003~2004年全年、非汛期及汛期均值加权平均计算结果数据(见表1)构成评价因素集合U。这是国内其它湖泊所不具备的,可以说洪泽湖是一个过水湖泊,因此水体得到充分混合。对于洪泽湖水体水环境评价,可以采用各监测点加权平均值进行评价。!100$00.900%1000110%U全年={9.0,4.1,1.3,0.41,0.000,000%0.0010,0.001,0.000,0.00001,0.0,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.55,0.06,2.36}U非汛期={10.1,4.2,1.6,0.50,0.000,0.0006,0.001,0.000,0.00001,0.0,0.00,0.01,0.00,0.57,0.06,2.64}U汛期={7.6,4.0,0.9,0.29,0.000,0.0012,0.000,0.000,0.00001,0.0,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.53,0.07,2.09}据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)水质5个级别建立评价等级集合为:0%01000000000%R非汛期=10%资料选择整个洪泽湖共布设13个监测点(如图1),对各监测点根据其代表的水2.110%10%10110%0%10%0#00%1000!10$010%10000.400%0%0%0%0%1010,vm},m为等级K={v1,v2,v3,数,此处m=5,故:10=10R汛期100%K={Ⅰ级水,Ⅱ级水,Ⅲ级水,Ⅳ级水,Ⅴ级水}100图1洪泽湖水质监测点分布10%0%0%010隶属函数及评价矩阵域面积引入权重系数:湖区(1~4点)权重系数均为1.0,湖边(5~13点)权重系数均为0.5,对2003~2004年水质监测资料分全年、非汛期(1~4月份及10~12月份)及汛期(5~9月份)2.3.210100%根据GB3838-2002将水质划分为5个等级标准,用这些标准可以逐个刻划各因素对各级标准的隶属度,隶属度是通过隶属函数计算得到的,00#000%12.3.3确定各因素权数分配各因素权数分配有多种确定方环境水利322005年第11期江苏水利表12003~2004年洪泽湖水域水质加权平均计算结果单位:mg/L表2洪泽湖入湖河道污染物年输入量统计法,本文采用“污染物浓度超标加权法”求单因素权数,得权数分配矩阵,归一化处理可得:A全年=(0.10,0.10,0.05,0.08,0,0.00,0.01,0,0.00,0,0,0,0,0.09,0.15,0.43)A非汛期=(0.08,0.10,0.05,0.09,0,0.00,0.01,0,0.00,0,0,0.00,0,0.08,0.14,0.44)A汛期=(0.12,0.11,0.03,0.06,0,0.00,0,0,0.00,0,0,0,0,0.09,0.18,0.40)根据权数分配矩阵,DO、IMn、BO