外交豁免权.pptVIP

Egypt, Greece, India, China, etc. 埃及、希臘、印度、中國等 1. Treaties, immunities of ambassadors, law and useages of war 1. 條約、外交豁免權、法律和戰爭發動 2. Some practices had religious base; for example, to enslave and not kill prisoners of war 2. 有些慣例是有其宗教背景的；例如可以奴役但不可以殺死戰俘 Romans first divorced law from religion and Gaius spoke of jus gentium, “the law of nations”羅馬人首先把法律從宗教和Gaius所說的 jus gentium(「萬民法」)中分離出來Roman law applied the law of nations to foreigners, when their own law was not appropriate當自身法律不適用於外國人的時候, 羅馬法就使用「萬民法」Rome dominated Europe and middle east, so didn‘t need much international law羅馬控制歐洲和中東，所以不需要有很多國際法 In the medieval times (5th to 14 centuries) were chaotic, so difficult for a code of international law to appear中世紀時代﹝五至十四世紀﹞政局混亂，難以產生國際法法典Europe‘s many small states all had to acknowledge rule of holy roman emperor and of pope許多歐洲小國都必須接受神聖羅馬帝國的皇帝和教皇的律令Feudalism prevented emergence of independent states; kings shared power with lords封建制度阻礙了獨立國家的出現；皇帝與地主貴族分享權力Trade, communications, transport primitive貿易、通訊、交通仍很原始 From 16th c., Europeans reduced rest of world to colonies and imposed on notion of law自十六世紀，歐洲人把世界其他地方變成殖民地，並引入法律觀念Europeans treated few independent states as part of world system only if they were “civilized”歐洲人祗承認少數「文明」的國家是獨立的國家,是世界體系的一部分Customs of involving states outside Europe destroyed涉及歐洲以外國家的慣例被破壞了Example: China‘s international system revolved around emperor as ruler of civilized world例如：中國的國際體系是以皇帝為文明世界的統治者 Peoples joined Chinese system if conquered or by sending tribute被徵服或進貢的人們便加入中國的體系Other state might become suzerainity (dominated state) of China (the suzerain)其他國家便可能成為中國﹝宗主國﹞的附庸國﹝被控制的國家﹞China would run foreign affairs of suzerainity中國將會處理附庸國的外交事務Other state might become protectorate, with China (the protector) guaranteeing other state in event of attack其他國家可能成為被保護國，中國﹝保護國﹞保證其遇襲時提供保護 Since China had some of same conditions as medieval Europe, little systematic elaboration of international law因為中國的情況跟中世紀歐洲有些相似，很