第二讲粘土矿物学及钻井液胶体化学.ppt

Test 1 and Answers Drilling Fluid (Mud) Viscosity Marsh funnel Gel strength Bentonite Hydrate Free water Water loss Yielded Makeup water Test 2 Clay Mineralogy（粘土矿物学） Clay Mineralogy（粘土矿物学） Diffuse double layer（扩散层） Clay Swelling Mechanisms 一、Basic Concepts of Clay Mineralogy粘土矿物学基本概念 1. Silica-Oxygen tetrahedron（硅氧－四面体） and sheets of silica tetrahedra（四面体晶片） 2. Aluminium -hydroxyl octahedron（铝氢氧－八面体） and an octahedral sheet（八面体晶片） 3. A 2:1-Type unit layer（单元晶层） =A single platelet （晶层） 2:1-Type mineral--pyrophyllite（叶蜡石） 4. 1:1-type mineral 5. Layer force（层间力）of two minerals The layers in the crystal lattice are held together only by van der Waals（范德华）forces and secondary valencies（次价） between juxtaposed atoms. Consequently, the lattice cleaves（劈裂） readily along the basal surfaces, forming tiny mica-like flakes. 6. Clay lattice structure（粘土晶格构造-晶体） 7. c-spacing（晶层间距） The distance between a plane in one layer（一个晶层） and the corresponding plane in the next layer (see Figure 2-7) is called either the c-spacing（晶层间距）, the 001 or the basal spacing. This spacing is 9.2 Angstoms for the standard three-layer mineral, and 7.2 A for a two-layer mineral.  1 Angstrom (A)= 10－7 mm. 8. Isomorphous substitutions（晶格取代）in clay minerals and Adsorption of a cation（吸附阳离子） 晶格取代作用：粘土矿物带有负电荷，其形成原因是粘土矿物的晶格取代作用，即结构中某些原子被其它化合价不同的原子取代而晶体骨架保持不变的作用 For example, if an atom of A1+3 is replaced by an atom of Mg+2, a charge deficiency of one results. This creates a negative potential（负电位） at the surface of the crystal, which is compensated for by the adsorption of a cation（吸附阳离子）. Substitutions may occur in either the octahedral or tetrahedral sheets, and diverse species may be exchanged, giving rise to innumerable groupings and sub-groupings of clay minerals. 9. Exchangeable cations（可交换阳离子） In the presence of water, the adsorbed cations can exchange with cations of another species in the water, and they are therefore known as the exchangeable cations（可交换阳离子）. 可交换阳离子是粘土改性的基础。 5. 四种