Chapter 5 Basics of Hydraulic Flow in Pipes 液压传动与控制英文课件.pptVIP

* * Chapter 5 Basics of Hydraulic Flow in Pipes 5.1 Introduction 1. The mechanism of energy losses due to frictions associated with the flow of a fluid inside a pipe. 2. The nature of the flow path through a fitting determines the amount of energy losses. 3. In general, the smaller the pipe diameter or fitting size, the greater the losses. 4. The resistance of pipes and fitting can be determined using empirical formulas which have been developed by experimentation. 5.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow（层流与紊流） 1. Flow velocity profile in pipe: 2. Laminar flow —— the fluid flowing in smooth layers or laminae, also called streamline flow, no collision of fluid particles, moving in parallel paths. There are two basic types of flow in pipes. 2. Turbulent flow —— the movement of a particle becomes random and fluctuates up and down in a direction perpendicular as well as parallel to the mean flow direction. Turbulence, fluid particle colliding, more resistance, greater energy losses Flow patterns from water faucet 5.3 Reynolds Number (雷偌数) Reynolds came to a very significant conclusion as a result of his experiments: The nature of the flow depends on the dimensionless parameter vDρ / μ, where v = fluid velocity, D = pipe inside diameter, ρ=fluid mass density , and μ= absolute viscosity of the fluid. This parameter has been named the Reynolds number NR and has the following significance: 1. If NR is less than 2000, the flow is laminar. 2. If NR is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent. 3. Reynolds number between 2000 and 4000 cover a transition region between laminar and turbulent flow. 5.5 Friction Losses in Laminar Flow The head losses in pipes laminar flow : Where L=length of pipe, D=pipe inside diameter, v=average fluid velocity. 5.6 Friction Losses in Turbulent Flow 5.7 Losses in Valves and Fitting The head losses in valves and fitting are proportional to the square of the velocity of the fluid: The constant of proportionality (K) is calle