新闻道德与法规第二讲 中西新闻道德规范的形成与发展.ppt

第二讲 中西新闻道德规范的形成与发展 一、西方新闻道德规范概述  Ethics and Other Informal Controls （一）个人道德规范 Personal Ethics （二）行为准则 Performance Codes （三）内部控制 Interpersonal Controls （四）外界影响 Outside Influences （五）道德建设线路图 （一）个人道德规范 Personal Ethics 道德原则 Ethical Principles 中庸之道 The Principle of Golden Means 绝对命令原则 The Categorical Imperative 功利原则 The Principle of Utility 无知之幕 Veil of Ignorance 自我决断原则 Self-determination 1. 中庸之道 Aristotle: Too much food as well as too little food spoils health. Moderation was the key. 1. 中庸之道（续） In ethical dilemmas, the proper way of behaving lies between doing too much and doing too little. 2. 绝对命令原则 Principles： What is right for one is right for all. Categorical imperatives: all forms of perative might be wrong and must be avoided. A reporter should not represent himself or herself as anything other than a reporter when gathering information for a story. 2. 绝对命令原则（续） Immanuel Kant: We act according to rules that we would want to see universally applied. Categorical means unconditional—no extenuating circumstaces, no exceptions. 2. 绝对命令原则（续） Immanuel Kant: Right is right and should be done, no matter what the consequences. Concience informs us what is right. 3. 功利原则 Utility: The greatest benefit for the greatest number Utilitarianism： Calculate all the consequences, both good and bad, that would result from each of our options Choose the alternative that maximizes value or minimizes loss 3. 功利原则（续） Jeremy Benthan John Stuart Mill: We are to deternime what is right or wrong by considering what will yield the best ratio of good to bad for the general society. 4. 无知之幕 Justice is blind. For makings of mass media: Behind the veil, all newsmakers would be the same. The reporter must treat all audience members the same. 4. 无知之幕（续） John Rawls: Justice emerges when everyone is treated without social differentiations. All parties concerned in a problem situation should be placed behind a barrier where roles and social differentiations are gone and