仪表与量测-Chapter 2 Measurement of Current and Voltage.ppt

Basic Considerations Direct Voltage Direct Current Mean Value Mean Absolute Value Root-mean-square (rms) vaule Pean Value Instantaneous Value Vector Components Frequency Spectrum Basics - Ranges of Current Measurements Measuring Networks - Source Measuring Network - Interference Elimination Thermoelectric voltage common source of error in low voltage measurement voltages are produced by junctions of different materials having different temperatures Eg. thermoelectric potential of Pb/Sn solder with respect to copper is 1.3 uV/degree (C). Eleminated by using the same material and/or good thermal coupling of all junctions (heat sink) Fundamental limit to current and voltage measurement is Johnson noise in the resistance Signal Converters - Errors Signal Converters - RLC Elements (Zinke and Seither 1982). Range: 0.1W to 20MW Tolerance: 0.05 to 0.005 percentage Temperature Coefficient: 25 to 5 ppm/degree (1~10 ppm) Long Term Stability: 0.005 percent / Year Inductance Tolerance: 1.5mH (80nH) Capacitance Tolerance: 1.5pF (0.5pF) Type of Meters Nonintegrating DC Meters Integrating DC Meters Average-Responding Meters Peak Responding Meters RMS Responding Meters Meters - Nonintegrating DC Meters Ux and Ix are DC voltage and current to be measured. and are thermal noises. u(t) and i(t) are the periodic components of the superimposed noise. The frequency of these periodic signal is typically an integer multiple of the line frequency. Meters - Integrating DC Meters Integrating DC meters are used to reject the superimposed noise . Averaging can be carried out by the inertia of a permanent magnet moving coil, a low pass filter, or a controlled integrator. The mean value can also be measured by digital methods. The thermal noise n(t) can be characterized by a Gaussian probability density function (Gaussian Noise). Measuring Instrument Electromechanical Instruments DC Voltmeters Low Frequency Voltmeters High Freuency Voltmeters Vector Voltmeters Selective Volt