托福听力背景之中国陶瓷介绍.pdf

TPO10 ChinesePottery China has one of the worlds oldest continuous cilvilizations-despite invasions and occasional foreignrule.Acountry asvast as Chinawith solong-lasting a civilization has a comple social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a majorrole. ThefunctionandstatusofceramicsinChinavaried fromdynastytodynasty,sothey may be utilitarian, burial, trade, collectors or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made .The ceramics fall into three broad types—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels,architectural items such as rooftiles,andmodeledobjectsandfigures.Inaddition,therewasanimportantgroup of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware. The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B C, high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces.During the Si Dynasties period (A.D.265-589),kilns innorth Chinawere producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprized porcelains of the Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points inthe history of Chinas ceramic industry.Thetradition ofreligious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip., as well as the many burial ceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue. Tradebetween theWest andthe settledandpro