Sociolinguistics　.pptVIP

* Figure 6.4 * . Sociolinguistics and social structure Raung-fu chung Southern Taiwan University social structure: area, education, age, income, gender Social ClassDefinition: groups of people who share similarities in economic and social status (1) Vocabulary (2) Pronunciation: [h]-dropping -ing vs. -in (3) [r]-pronunciation: post-vocalic [r] (4) Vowels: diphthongs in boat, bite and bout (5) Other languages: [l]-deletion (6) Grammatical patterns [r]-Pronunciation - post-vocalic [r] In New York, Labov conducted an experiment demonstrating that pronunciation of post-vocalic [r] varied in the city according to social groups. Result: Nearly half the socially superior supervisors used post-vocalic [r] while only 18 percent of the less statusful salespeople did and the stock boys rarely used it at all. Dialects and work With [r] casual/formal with[r] Without [r] casual formal Saks 30% 32% 63% 64% Macy’s 20% 31% 44% 61% S. Klein 4% 17% 8% 18% The lower middle class (LMC), to pronounce [r] even  more often than the upper middle class (UMC). This is hypercorrect behavior—the LMC are overdoing it. Trugill: Norwich’s variaton between [n] and [N] Figure 6.3 [h]-dropping in Norwich and West Yorkshire social groups. Table 6.2 percentage of vernacular [in] pronunciation for 4 social groups in speech communities in Britain, America, and Australia. Social group 1 2 3 4 Norwich 31 42 91 100 West Yorkshire 5 34 61 83 New York 7 32 45 75 Brisbane 17 31 49 63 [r]-Pronunciation - post-vocalic [r] Compare Post-vocalic [r] in Reading and New York social group Result: In New York, pronouncing [r] is prestigious, but, in Reading it’s not. Implication: There’s nothing inherently bad or good about the pronunciation of any sound. Figure 6.4 Post-vocalic [r] in Reading and New York social group. Montreal French:[l]-deletion [l]-deletion differs