减少美国金融系统的系统性风险【外文翻译】.doc

原文： The Reduction of Systematic Risk In The United States Financial System Going forward, the central problem for financial regulation (defined as the prescription of rules, as distinct from supervision or risk assessment) is to reduce systemic risk. Systemic risk is the risk that the failure of one significant financial institution can cause or significantly contribute to the failure of other significant financial institutions as a result of their linkages to each other. Systemic risk can also be defined to include the possibility that one exogenous shock may simultaneously cause or contribute to the failure of multiple significant financial institutions. This Article focuses on the former definition because proper regulation could have the greatest potential to reduce systemic risk in this area. There are four principal linkages that can result in a chain reaction of failures. First, there are interbank deposits, whether from loans or from correspondent accounts used to process payments. These accounts were the major concern when Continental Illinois Bank almost failed in the mid-1980s. Continental held sizable deposits of other banks; in many cases, the amount of the deposits substantially exceeded the capital of the depositor banks. These banks generally held such sizable deposits because they cleared payments, such as checks or wire transfers, through Continental. If Continental had failed, those banks would have failed as well. Section 308 of the FDIC Improvement Act of 1991 gives the Federal Reserve Board powers to deal with this problem. The Act permits the Board to limit the credit extended by an insured depository institution to another depository institution. Limitation of interbank deposits may be feasible with respect to placements by one bank with another because the amount of credit extended is fixed for a given term. Indeed, it appears that the chain-reaction risk arising from bilateral credit exposures from overnight Federal Reserve funds transactio