内在和外在激励[文献翻译].docVIP

本科毕业论文（设计） 外 文 翻 译 外文题目 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 外文出处 Review of Economic studies 外文作者 Roland benabou and Jesn tirole 原文： Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ROLAND BENABOU Princeton University and Institute for Advanced Study And JEAN TIROLE IDEI (Universite de Toulouse I), CERAS and MIT INTRODUCTION Should a child be rewarded for passing an exam, or paid to read a book? What impact do empowerment and monitoring have on employeesmorale and productivity? Does receiving help boost or hurt self-esteem? Why do incentives work well in some contexts, but appear counterproductive in others? Why do people sometimes undermine the self-confidence of others on whose effort and initiative they depend? These questions will be studied here from a unifying perspective, emphasizing the interplay between an individual’s personal motivation and his social environment. We shall thus model the interactions between an agent with imperfect self-knowledge and an informed principal who chooses an incentive structure, such as offering rewards and threatening punishments, delegating a task, or simply giving encouragement, praise, or criticism. It is a central theme of economics that incentives promote effort and performance, and there is a lot of evidence that they often do (e.g. Gibbons (1997), Lazear (2000)). In other words,contingent rewards serve as“positive reinforcers” for the desired behaviour. In psychology, their effect is much more controversial. A long-standing paradigm clash has opposed proponents of the economic view to the“dissonance theorists”, who argue that rewards may actually impair performance, making them“negative reinforcers”, especially in the long run (see, e.g. Kruglanski(1978) for an account of this debate, and Deci, Koestner and Ryan (1999) for a recent and comprehensive meta-analysis of experimental results). REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES Indeed, a substantial body of e