[2018年最新整理]DMA_G1.pptVIP

第四篇 代数结构 代数结构是近世代数或抽象代数学研究的中心问题, 是数学中最重要的、基础的分支之一, 是在初等代数学的基础上产生和发展起来的. 它起始于19世纪初, 形成于20世纪30年代. 第四篇 代数结构 在这期间, 挪威数学家阿贝尔(N · H · Abell)法国数学家伽罗瓦(E · Galois)英国数学家德·摩根(A · De Morgan)和布尔(G · Boole)等人都做出了杰出贡献，荷兰数学家范德瓦尔登(B · L · Van DerWaerden)根据德国数学家诺特(A · E · Noether)和奥地利数学家阿廷(E · Artin)的讲稿, 于1930年和1931年分别出版了《近世代数学》一卷和二卷，标志着抽象代数的成熟. 第四篇 代数结构 代数结构是以研究数字、文字和更一般元素的运算的规律和由这些运算适合的公理而定义的各种数学结构的性质为中心问题. 它对现代数学如拓扑学、泛函分析等, 以及一些其他科学领域, 如计算机科学、编码理论等, 都有重要影响和广泛地应用. 第四章 代数结构 本章给出代数结构的一般定义与实例, 讨论代数结构的基本性质, 介绍代数结构的主要概念, 如群、同态、同构、同余关系等. Semigroups and Groups Binary Operations Revisited Semigroups Products and Quotients of Semigroups Groups Products and Quotients of Groups Mathematical Structures Mathematical structure（数学结构） A collection of objects with operations defined on them and the accompanying properties form a mathematical structure or system. Example 1 The collection of sets with the operations of union, intersection, and complement and their accompanying properties is a (discrete) mathematical structure. We denote this structure by [sets, ?, ?, ]. Example 2 The collection of 3 ? 3 matrices with the operations of addition, multiplication, and transpose is a mathematical structure denoted by [ 3 ? 3 matrices, +, ?, T ]. Closure（封闭） A structure is closed with respect to an operation if that operation always produces another member of the collection of objects. Examples The structure [5 ? 5 matrices, +, *, T] is closed with respect to addition because the sum of two 5 ? 5 matrices is another 5 ? 5 matrix. The structure [odd integers, +, *] is not closed with respect to addition. The sum of two odd integers is an even integer. This structure does have the closure property for multiplication, since the product of two odd numbers is an odd number. Binary operation（二元运算） An operation that combines two objects is a binary operation. An operation that requires only one object is a unary operation. Binary operations often have similar properties, as we have seen earl